Chipiri chapfuura, Zvita 10, iyo Vanokunda Mubayiro weNobel 2019 vakaunganidza mibairo yavo mumitambo miviri yakateedzana yakaitirwa paOslo City Hall uye kuStockholm Concert Hall zvakateedzana. Vese vanokunda gumi nemana vane mazita atakaziva muna Gumiguru apfuura.
VaNobel Laureates ndivo makwikwi ane mukurumbira wenyika. Kupihwa mumwe weiyi mibairo ndechimwe chekuremekedzwa kukuru uko vanotsvaga vesainzi, vanyori uye vanoita rugare, pakati pevamwe vanhu, vanogona kuda. Iwe unoda kuziva here vane rombo rakanaka vanga vari gore rino? Svika pakuvaziva navo.
A bit of history
Yaiva muna 1895 iyo kemisiti, mainjiniya, munyori, muumbi, uye mugadziri wezvombo Sweden Alfred NobelMuchido chake, akatanga homwe yaizopihwa zvakanakisa muZvinyorwa, Physiology kana Mushonga, Fizikisi, Chemistry uye Runyararo. Mipiro iyo yakatanga kupihwa muna 1902 mushure mekufa kwake.
Makore gare gare, muna 1968, mukuremekedza Alfred Nobel pachake, iyo Economic Sayenzi Mubairo yeBhangi reSweden rinotungamirirwa neRoyal Swedish Academy yeScience uye iyo inowanzonzi Nobel Prize muEconomics.
La Royal Swedish Chikoro cheSainzi ndiye anotungamira kudoma mazita evakakunda mubayiro weNobel muFizikiki, Chemistry uye Mubayiro muEconomics Sayenzi mukurangarira Alfred Nobel.Nobel Assembly yeKarolinska Institute inosarudza anokunda mushonga, uye Swedish Academy ndiyo inoona zita anokunda mubairo weLiterature. Vese vanoendeswa mumhemberero inoitwa chero Zvita 10 munaStockholm, Sweden, kusiyana neNobel Peace Prize, iyo, yakasarudzwa neNorway Nobel Committee, inoendeswa muguta reOslo.
Nobel Foundation uye zvikoro zveSweden zvinopa vanokunda gore rino muzvikamu zvambotaurwa paNobel Svondo, kuitira kuti vagamuchire iwo mahunyanzvi nemasangano ane budiriro ine simba rakakura pa ramangwana revanhu.
2019 Nobel Laureates
VaNobel Laureates ve2019 vanga vachida kuratidza basa revatsvakurudzi vapfumbamwe mundima yesainzi, vanhu vatatu mumunda wesainzi yezvehupfumi, wezvematongerwo enyika anokodzera mubairo werunyararo uye vanyori vaviri, mumwe akamisikidzwa muna9 nekuda kwekushungurudzwa kwebonde rova iyo Swedish Academy gore rapfuura. Asi ndivanaani?
Nobel Laureates muMedicine, Fizikisi uye Chemistry
Mubayiro weNobel muMedicine / Physiology
William G. Kaelin Jr, Sir Peter J. Ratcliffe naGregg L. Semenza vakapihwa Mubairo weNobel muMedicine mukucherechedza basa ravo rekuburitsa pachena mamorekuru maitiro ayo maseru anoshandura metabolism yavo nekusiyana kwe oxygen oxygen.
Mubayiro weNobel muFizikiki
James Peebles, Michel Mayor naDidier Queloz vakapihwa mibairo yavo kunzwisisa zvinhu zvese (nhoroondo yaro uye chimiro), uyezve kune chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zvakawanikwa mufizikiki yazvino: kuwanikwa kweyekutanga exoplanet inotenderera nyeredzi yakaita sezuva redu: 51 Pegasi B.
Mubayiro weNobel muKemistry
John B. Goodenough, Stanley Whittingham naAkira Yoshino vakudzwa nekuda kwekusimudzira kwavo lithium ion mabhatiri, nekuti kuburikidza nebasa iri aya masayendisiti matatu akaisa hwaro hwevanhu vasina waya vasina mafuta.
Vakahwina Mubayiro weNobel muLiterature Olga Tokarczuk naPeter Handke
Mubairo weNobel muMabhuku
Nekuda kwekushungurudzwa pabonde nekushungurudzwa kwakaitika kuSweden Academy gore rapfuura, zvakagadziriswa kumbomira kupihwa mubairo we2018 Nobel Prize for Literature. Munyori wePoland Olga Tokarczuk Gore rakatevera, akapihwa uyu Mubairo "wekufungidzira fungidziro iyo, ine encyclopedic kuda, inomiririra kuyambuka kwemiganhu senzira yehupenyu."
El Munyori weAustria Peter HandkeKune rake divi, akahwina iyo Nobel Literature 2019 "kune basa rine hunyanzvi iro, nehunyanzvi hwemitauro, hwakaongorora hutepfenyuro uye hushe hwechiitiko chevanhu." Mubairo uyo, nenzira, wakasangana nemazwi mazhinji ekutsoropodza akasimudzwa munyika dzakasiyana siyana dzeBalkan maererano nerutsigiro rwakataurwa naHandke rweMushakabvu Mutungamiri weSlobodan Milosevic, akatungamira Serbia panguva yeBalkan Wars yema1990.
Abiy Ahmed, Nobel Peace Prize Laureate naAbhijit Banerjee, Esther Duflo naMichael Kremer, vaNobel Laureates muEconomics.
Mubayiro weNobel Werunyararo
Abiy Ahmed, Mutungamiriri weEthiopia, akapihwa mubairo weNobel Peace Prize 2019 nekuda kwekuedza kwake kuita runyararo pamwe nekudyidzana kwenyika dzese uye, "kunyanya, nekuda kwesarudzo yake gadzirisa kusawirirana muganho nevakakomberedza Eritrea '. Kunetsana kwakatanga mu1998 uye kwakatokonzera kufa kwevanhu vanopfuura makumi manomwe.
“Ethiopia ndiyo nyika yechipiri ine vanhu vakawanda muAfrica uye ine hupfumi hukuru muEast Africa. Runyararo, runyararo uye runobudirira Ethiopia ichave nezvakawanda zvakanaka mhedzisiro uye kubatsira kusimbisa iyo hukama pakati pemarudzi nevanhu yenharaunda ", yakamutsa iyo Norwegian Nobel Committee.
Mubayiro weNobel muEconomics
Mubairo weNobel muEconomics wakapihwa kuna Abhijit Banerjee, Esther Duflo naMichael Kremer "nekuda kwekuyedza kwavo kurerutsa hurombo hwepasi rose". Iye wechiFrench Esther Duflo ane nyeredzi mumufananidzo usina kujairika, nekuti mumwe chete mukadzi akapihwa kumberi mune ino chikamu cheNobel Prize.