U-Abraham H. Maslow waba nomuzwa wokuthi imicabango yokulungisa isimo yayingakhombisi ngokunembile ubunzima bendlela yokuziphatha komuntu. Ngo-1943 uMaslow wethula iTheory of Human Motivation futhi waphawula ukuthi izenzo zabantu ziqondiswe ekufezweni kwezinhloso. Noma yikuphi ukuziphatha okunikeziwe kunganelisa imisebenzi eminingi ngasikhathi sinye. Isibonelo, ukuya endaweni yokucima ukoma kungahlangabezana nezidingo zokuzethemba kanye nokuxhumana nabantu.
U-Abraham H. Maslow wayengudokotela wezengqondo womuntu futhi wayefuna ukuthola ukuthi yini egqugquzela ukuziphatha kwabantu. Izenzo zethu zigqugquzelwa ukuhlangabezana nezidingo ezahlukahlukene. Isikhundla sabaphathi esaphawulwa nguMaslow ngo-1943 sasikisela ukuthi abantu bagqugquzelwa ukuhlangabezana nezidingo eziyisisekelo ngaphambi kokudlulela ezidingweni ezisezingeni eliphakeme.
Ngenkathi ezinye izikole zemicabango ngaleso sikhathi - i-psychoanalysis noma i-behaviourism - zazithanda ukugxila ekuziphatheni okuyinkinga, uMaslow wadlulela phambili futhi waba nentshisekelo yokufunda kabanzi ngalokho okwenza abantu bajabule nezinto abazenzayo ukufeza leyo nhloso. Njengomuntu olwela amalungelo abantu, uMaslow cUhleke ukuthi abantu banesifiso esingokwemvelo sokuba yikho konke abangaba yikho, okungukuthi, ukuzifeza.
Ukuze kufezeke lezi zinhloso, kunezidingo ezithile eziyisisekelo okufanele zihlangatshezwe kuqala, njengesidingo sokuphakelwa, ukuzizwa uvikelekile, ukuba nothando, noma ukuzethemba okuhle.
Kusukela kokuyisisekelo kuya kokuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu
Ubukhosi bukaMaslow noma ipiramidi kaMaslow imelwe ngesimo sephiramidi. Izinga eliphansi kakhulu lombhoshongo lakhiwe ngezidingo eziyisisekelo kanti lezo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu yizo ezizongena engxenyeni engenhla yalo mbhoshongo.
Izidingo ezansi kwepiramidi ziyizidingo eziyisisekelo zomzimba ezifana nesidingo sokudla okuhle, amanzi, imfudumalo, ukulala, njll. Lapho izidingo zomuntu eziyisisekelo sezitholakele, bangadlulela ezingeni elilandelayo lezidingo, okuyizokuphepha. Ngenkathi abantu bekhuphula iphiramidi, isidingo sokuzihlonipha kanye nemizwa yokwaneliseka komuntu siqu kuqala ukuba phambili kuqala kumuntu.
UMaslow ugcizelele ukubaluleka kokuzazi, okuyinqubo yokukhula nentuthuko yokuthi umuntu uthuthuka kanjani empilweni yakhe ukuze afinyelele kumuntu ngamunye. UMaslow wayekholelwa ukuthi lezi zidingo ziyefana nemvelo nokuthi zidlala indima ebalulekile ekukhuthazeni abantu. Ukwanelisa izidingo zezindawo ezingezansi, njengezomzimba, ezokuphepha noma izidingo zomphakathi kanye nokuhlonishwa, kubalulekile ukugwema imiphumela emibi ekukhuleni komuntu.
Izinga eliphakeme kakhulu lombhoshongo kaMaslow lihlobene nezidingo zokukhula, okungukuthi, ziyizidingo ezingatholakali ngokushoda noma ngokushoda kokuthile - njengoba kungenzeka ezidingweni zamazinga aphansi-, kepha kunalokho kakhulu ufisa ukukhula njengomuntu oshayela ukufinyelela phezulu kwayo yonke into.
Iphiramidi kaMaslow
Iphiramidi likaMaslow linamazinga ahlukene ama-5, aqala esisekelweni - into ebaluleke kakhulu yokwanelisa- yile elandelayo:
- I-Physiology: ukuphefumula, ukondla, ucansi, ukuphumula, i-homestasis
- Ezokuphepha: ukuvikeleka ngokomzimba, ukuphepha kokuqashwa, izinsiza, isimilo, ezempilo, impahla yomndeni neyangasese
- Ubulungu: ubungani, uthando, ukusondelana ngokocansi
- Ukuqashelwa: ukuzazisa, ukuzethemba, inhlonipho nempumelelo
- Ukuzazi: isimilo, ubuhlakani, ukungabikhona kobandlululo, ukuzenzekela, ukwamukelwa kwamaqiniso nokuxazululwa kwezinkinga
Izidingo zomzimba: ukusinda
Izidingo zomzimba zifaka izidingo eziyisisekelo ezibaluleke kakhulu ekusindeni njengesidingo sokuphuza amanzi, ukuphefumula, ukudla, ukulala noma ukuya ocansini ukuze ukhiqize kabusha. UMaslow wayekholelwa ukuthi lezi zidingo zazingezona eziyisisekelo futhi ezingokwemvelo kakhulu esigabeni sabaphathi, ngoba kuphela lapho zonke lezi zidingo zanikezwa lapho umuntu ayengaya ezingeni elilandelayo.
Izidingo zaleli zinga zisobala impela ngoba sonke sidinga ukudla namanzi ukuze siphile. Sidinga futhi ukuphefumula nokugcina izinga lokushisa lomzimba elizinzile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, sidinga uphahla, izingubo, nokuzala ngocansi.
Izidingo zokuphepha
Izidingo zokuphepha nokuvikelwa, njengokuthola umsebenzi ozinzile, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo, ukuhlala endaweni ephephile, ukuvikelwa emvelweni, ukuphepha ngokujwayelekile okusenza sizizwe sivikelekile. Sonke sidinga ukuzizwa siphephile ukuze siphile.
Kusukela kuleli zinga, izidingo zobukhosi ziba nzima kakhulu kusukela, sezifezile izidingo eziyisisekelo zokusinda, abantu baqala ukuzizwa belawula kakhudlwana futhi behlelekile ezimpilweni zabo. Indawo ephephile yokuhlala, ukuphepha kwezezimali, ukuphepha ngokomzimba, nokuhlala uphilile konke lokhu kungukukhathazeka okungaba khona kulesi sigaba.
Izidingo zomphakathi
Leli zinga lifaka izidingo zokuba yingxenye yothando, uthando nothando. UMaslow uchaze lezi zidingo ezingaphansi kwezidingo zomzimba nezokuphepha. Ubudlelwano, njengobungani, ubudlelwano bezothando, nosizo lomndeni ukuhlangabezana nalesi sidingo sobungane nokwamukelwa. kanye nokubamba iqhaza empilweni yezenhlalo, umphakathi noma amaqembu ezenhlalo.
Linganisa izidingo
Ngemuva kokuthi wenelise izidingo ezintathu zokuqala, izidingo zakho zokuhlonipha ziba zibaluleke ngokwengeziwe. Ngalesi sikhathi, kuya ngokuya kubaluleke ukuthola inhlonipho nokwazisa kwabanye. Abantu banesidingo sokufeza izinto bese bafuna ukuthi imizamo yabo ibonwe. Abantu bavame ukuzibandakanya nemisebenzi efana nokuya esikoleni, ukudlala umdlalo, ukujabulela umdlalo wokuzilibazisa, noma ukubamba iqhaza emisebenzini yobungcweti ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nalesi sidingo.
Ukuhlangabezana nalesi sidingo nokuthola ukwamukelwa nokwaziswa kusiza abantu ukuthi babe nokuzethemba okuphezulu futhi bazethembe ngokwabo kanye nabanye. Ukwehluleka ukuthola ukuqashelwa ngalokho okufezile, noma kunjalo, kungaholela emizweni yokwehluleka noma yokuzenyeza.
Izidingo zokuzibona ngokwakho
Leli yizinga eliphakeme kakhulu ekuphathweni kwezidingo zikaMaslow. Abantu abazizwa benelisekile baziqhenya ngokwengeziwe. Okwamanje bangakhathazeka ngokukhula kwabo futhi abanandaba kangako ngombono wabanye ngoba banesifiso sokufeza amandla abo. Abantu abakuleli zinga bazizwa bejabule futhi benelisekile ngempilo yabo.
Bavivinya iphiramidi kaMaslow
Ngenkathi kwakukhona ucwaningo oluncane kakhulu lokuxhasa le mbono, isikhundla sabaphathi bakwaMaslow saziwa futhi sithandwa kakhulu, ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwengqondo. Ocwaningweni olwashicilelwa ngo-2011, abacwaningi base-University of Illinois baqala ukubeka isikhundla sobukhosi esivivinyweni. Abakutholile ukuthi ngenkathi ukugcwaliseka kwezidingo kwakuhambisana kakhulu nenjabulo, abantu abavela emasikweni emhlabeni wonke babika ukuthi ukuzifeza kanye nezidingo zenhlalo zibalulekile noma ngabe iningi lezidingo eziyisisekelo belingafinyelelwa.